Criamos uma sociedade amparada na ideia de desenvolvimento e dominação da natureza. Vivemos sob as ameaças do poder nuclear, da degradação da biosfera, da extinção de múltiplas formas de vida e, talvez, do próprio planeta. Frente à devastação dos ecossistemas, assistimos nas últimas décadas o desabrochar da consciência ecológica, dos grupos ambientalistas e da economia sustentável; ainda assim ineficazes para lidar com a crise ecológica do presente. Superar a agonia planetária requer da humanidade um pensamento ecologizado. Podemos observar na obra (...) de Michel Serres os argumentos filosóficos adequados à formulação de uma ecopolítica global em contraponto à política de desenvolvimento, mesmo que sustentável. Em diálogo com o pensamento complexo de Edgar Morin, ecologizar implica ultrapassar as limitações redutoras e disjuntoras do paradigma de simplificação que coloniza o pensamento contemporâneo. O pensamento ecologizado se abre para as vias regeneradoras do conhecimento sobre o homem na relação consigo, com a sociedade, com a natureza e o cosmos. (shrink)

Since the appearance of a widely influential book, Self-Knowledge and Self-ldentity, Sydney Shoemaker has continued to work on a series of interrelated issues in the philosophy of mind and metaphysics. This volume contains a collection of the most important essays he has published since then. The topics that he deals with here include, among others, the nature of personal and other forms of identity, the relation of time to change, the nature of properties and causality and the relation between (...) the two, dualism and immortality, and the nature of mental states. All the essays show the same care and precision in argument as the earlier book, but they also reveal a substantial shift in Professor Shoemaker's position to a form of materialism. In fact, a number of papers together constitute what is probably the most subtle and rigourous defence yet of a sophisticated functionalism in the account of the mind. (shrink)

Since the appearance of a widely influential book, Self-Knowledge and Self-ldentity, Sydney Shoemaker has continued to work on a series of interrelated issues in the philosophy of mind and metaphysics. This volume contains a collection of the most important essays he has published since then. The topics that he deals with here include, among others, the nature of personal and other forms of identity, the relation of time to change, the nature of properties and causality and the relation between (...) the two, dualism and immortality, and the nature of mental states. All the essays show the same care and precision in argument as the earlier book, but they also reveal a substantial shift in Professor Shoemaker's position to a form of materialism. In fact, a number of papers together constitute what is probably the most subtle and rigourous defence yet of a sophisticated functionalism in the account of the mind. (shrink)

Two kinds of epistemological sceptical paradox are reviewed and a shared assumption, that warrant to accept a proposition has to be the same thing as having evidence for its truth, is noted. 'Entitlement', as used here, denotes a kind of rational warrant that counterexemplifies that identification. The paper pursues the thought that there are various kinds of entitlement and explores the possibility that the sceptical paradoxes might receive a uniform solution if entitlement can be made to reach sufficiently far. Three (...) kinds of entitlement are characterized and given prima facie support, and a fourth is canvassed. Certain foreseeable limitations of the suggested antisceptical strategy are noted. The discussion is grounded, overall, in a conception of the sceptical paradoxes not as directly challenging our having any warrant for large classes of our beliefs but as crises of intellectual conscience for one who wants to claim that we do. (shrink)

Background Diversity in Institutional Review Board (IRB) membership is important for both intrinsic and instrumental reasons, including fairness, promoting trust, improving decision quality, and responding to systemic racism. Yet U.S. IRBs remain racially and ethnically homogeneous, even as gender diversity has improved. Little is known about IRB chairpersons’ perspectives on membership diversity and barriers to increasing it, as well as current institutional efforts to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) within IRB membership.Methods We surveyed IRB chairpersons leading U.S. boards registered (...) with the Office for Human Research Protections. Here, we focus exclusively on responses from a subset of 388 chairpersons of IRBs at universities and academic medical centers (AMCs).Results Board chairs were predominantly white and evenly split between men and women. Only about half reported that their boards had at least one member who is Black or African American (51%), Asian (56%), or Hispanic (48%), with 85% of university/AMC boards comprised entirely (15%) or mostly (70%) of white members. Most IRB chairpersons (64%) reported satisfaction with the current diversity of their membership. Participants largely agreed that considering diversity in the selection of IRB members is important (91%), including to improve the quality of IRB deliberation (80%), with an emphasis on racial/ethnic (85%) and gender diversity (74%). Most participants (80%) reported some type of active DEI effort regarding board membership at their university/AMC and just over half (57%) expressed satisfaction with these efforts.Conclusions Our national survey found that although university/AMC IRB chairpersons report valuing diversity in board membership, it may be lacking in key areas. Going forward, it will be important to specify clear reasons for diversity in the IRB context, as well to establish targets for acceptable levels of board diversity and to match DEI efforts to those targets. (shrink)

Dr Sydney Brenner has played a major, and unique, role in biology during the past 40 years. His contributions have ranged from key work on the structure of the genetic code and the existence of mRNA through the development of Caenorhabditis elegans as a key model system in developmental biology to genomic analysis and function in vertebrates. BioEssays went to interview Dr Brenner at his home in the cathedral city of Ely, England, on the significance of the genome projects (...) for human biology, in particular, and for biology, in general. (shrink)

This chapter is a sustained reflection on the sorts of place-based knowledge that characterise making one’s way around in a Ruist world. As we know, Confucius and Mencius spent much of their lives travelling, and, I argue, this was essential in forming their vision of a comprehensive and cohesive world order. I suggest three motifs for place-based knowing: terrestrial geography, metaphysical geography, and moral geography. Terrestrial geography includes physical, topographical, and social geographical paradigms. These are connected by the importance of (...) travel, by way of which one experiences the physical counterparts of such thematic analogies as lofty mountains and resolute evergreens. Finding and forging pathways through life and avoiding stagnating dead-ends reveal the second motif, metaphysical geography. In metaphysical geography, the metaphor of smooth movement along clear paths represents success, understanding, even wisdom. Blocked, unnavigable, and dead-end paths represent failure, confusion, and ignorance. In moral geography, space, time, people, events, and things are oriented and relationally connected via moral landmarks and ties. Knowing what to do on behalf of oneself and the world is the most epistemologically potent geographical knowledge one may have. It requires a depth of knowledge both of oneself and the world, as well as how one’s moral acts will have the most profound effects. (shrink)

The essay intends to present some implications of neoliberal rationality in Brazilian social security, among which the affectation of the bases of support of sociability. For this, a basic and bibliographic research methodology was used. The work begins with a commentary on the crisis situation and the affections it mobilizes, from a spinozistic point of view, to then build agency with neoliberal “fierce individualism”. Once this is done, the core of the essay is reached, when the influence of this individualistic (...) rationality on the 2019 Welfare Reform and the potential it carries to undermine the affections that allow life in society and engagements in collective activities is analyzed. Finally, the possible mobilization strategies were investigated, pointing out that the construction and development of a “global multitude” can be a way out of facing these crises. (shrink)

As políticas oficiais de educação tem colocado a temática formação de professores no centro dos debates como condição para a melhoria da qualidade do ensino. Investimentos em programas fomentados pelos órgãos oficiais do Estado evidenciam a preocupação em melhorar o nível de formação docente, que se espera, consequentemente, em desdobramentos positivos para a educação. Mesmo com este avanço, a formação de professores para atuar na Educação de Jovens e Adultos continua ocupando um lugar reservado, secundário no contexto das políticas educacionais. (...) Os sistemas de ensino, apesar de reconhecerem, não priorizam formação específica para os professores que trabalham na EJA, oferecendo apenas cursos aligeirados e na maioria das vezes sem um referencial teórico­metodológico que instrumentalize o professor para atuar com essa demanda de alunos. Este estudo discute e aponta a valorização dos saberes docentes que os professores constroem no cotidiano de sua prática como ponto de partida para pensar a formação dos professores que atuam nessa modalidade de ensino. Assim, consideramos que a valorização dos saberes experienciais e a apropriação deles pelos sistemas oficiais de ensino podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de um processo formativo (inicial e continuado) rigoroso, técnico­científico e politicamente planejado, requerendo das instâncias formativas e das instituições empregadoras o investimento necessário para reelaborar as políticas educacionais e, consequentemente, ressignificar as experiências pedagógicas no interior da escola, contribuindo, desse modo, para o processo de profissionalização na EJA. (shrink)

Francisco Suárez Sometimes called the "Eminent Doctor" after Paul V’s designation of him as doctor eximius et pius, Francisco Suárez was the leading theological and philosophical light of Spain’s Golden Age, alongside such cultural icons as Miguel de Cervantes, Tomás Luis de Victoria, and El Greco. Although initially rejected on grounds of deficient health … Continue reading Suárez, Francisco →.

This authoritative biography addresses the life and work of the quantum physicist David Bohm. Although quantum physics is considered the soundest physical theory, its strange and paradoxical features have challenged - and continue to challenge - even the brightest thinkers. David Bohm dedicated his entire life to enhancing our understanding of quantum mysteries, in particular quantum nonlocality. His work took place at the height of the cultural/political upheaval in the 1950's, which led him to become the most notable American scientist (...) to seek exile in the last century. The story of his life is as fascinating as his ideas on the quantum world are appealing. (shrink)

Propõe-se a discussão de alguns aspectos intrínsecos ao processo de produção de farinha modulado por tecnologias de organização social e produtiva, com destaque para os serviços ambientais originados durante essas atividades. Os serviços ambientais são maiores do que os consumidos e atribuem a esses povos um importante papel dentro do processo de sustentabilidade em um ecossistema frágil. Esta pesquisa possui abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, e inclui incursões etnográficas feitas pelos pesquisadores. As análises indicam a importância do reconhecimento do Estado através (...) de políticas públicas estruturantes e não de ações de transformação social, que não validam os sistemas de produção tradicional. (shrink)

This article is a report on ongoing field research and the exponential growth of the environment in which sex workers, prostitutes, call girls, and escorts operate. We look at the complexity of the conditions of such work and consider the socio-psychological and media vectors that make up the context from which its actors and stereotypes emerge. With the explosion of websites offering virtual or real sex, there is also a continuation of oppressive and violent male practices in this sector, restricting (...) the freedom of choice for women who work professionally in this field. These practices reproduce the power relations and the exclusion that has always been present in society, and are also now more diffuse as virtual reality has come to play an important role in social practice. (shrink)

Este artigo apresenta o método da fenomenologia da natureza de Goethe, seus principais conceitos e procedimentos. Sua fenomenologia é um processo de autoeducação do pesquisador. As percepções são aperfeiçoadas através da observação fenomenológica. As reflexões interagem com o fenômeno na ordenação congruente dos dados observados. O sujeito exercita seu aprendizado no julgamento através do objeto e na versatilidade de suas representações mentais. A evidência do fenômeno pressupõe a execução deste método participativo. A formação [Bildung] do sujeito é um processo permanente (...) de aprimoramento da subjetividade na sua interatividade com os fenômenos da natureza. (shrink)

O artigo aponta que o estudioso das imagens alemão Aby Warburg (1866-1929) pode ter sido vítima de um mal provocado pelo envolvimento com suas coleções de fotos e recortes de jornais e revistas sobre a guerra: algo próximo do que é hoje conhecido como Síndrome de Estresse Pós-Traumático (PTSD, na sigla em inglês). As emoções concentradas em fotografias de cenas de guerra que ele colecionou e manipulou durante toda a Primeira Guerra Mundial (1914-18), teriam sido um fator importante para a (...) ocorrência de surtos psicóticos que o levaram a uma longa internação. Tal hipótese permitiria explicar o quadro de esgotamento emocional, com aceleração maníaca e exaltação do psiquismo, que acometeu Warburg logo após o final da guerra. Pretendemos, a partir desse exemplo clínico, levantar elementos para compreender o conceito central de seu pensamento sobre a força das imagens, o conceito de “fórmula de emoção” ou “fórmula de pathos”. (shrink)

Busca-se acompanhar o desenvolvimento da teoria evolucionária no pensamento de Habermas, a partir da afirmação colhida no prólogo de Problemas de Legitimação do Capitalismo Tardio, de 1973: "O caráter programático evidencia que uma teoria da evolução social hoje se encontra apenas esboçada, mas que, no entanto, deveria constituir a base da teoria da sociedade". A atenção é direcionada à forma como Habermas reorienta o sentido evolucionário do desdobramento histórico à luz do conceito de mundo da vida, como esfera de realização (...) da ação comunicativa. Objetiva-se investigar como é projetada nesse modelo de ação, por meio da linguagem, a tarefa de produção e reprodução simbólica do consenso normativo entre os participantes do mundo social, ao mesmo tempo em que Habermas sinaliza haver um telos de integração social imanente à própria prática comunicativa. Nesse sentido, procurar-se-á demonstrar que, assim como a pragmática universal serve de base teórica para a análise de processos de distorção da linguagem e de socialização anormais, a teoria da evolução social serve de parâmetro para uma teoria social crítica com intenção emancipatória de avaliar o desdobramento empírico e contingente da dinâmica histórica. We seek to follow the development of evolutionary theory in the thought of Habermas, starting with the statement taken from the Prologue of Legitimation Crisis, 1973: "The programmatic character of Part I of this book makes clear that a theory of social evolution, although it must be the basis of social theory, is today still scarcely at all developed." Attention is directed to how Habermas reorients the evolutionary meaning of historical development in light of the concept of lifeworld as the sphere of the realization of communicative action. We seek to investigate how Habermas' model assigns, by means of language, the task of symbolic production and reproduction of the normative consensus among participants in the social world, while at the same time indicating that there is a telos of social integration immanent in the communicative practice itself. In this sense, we seek to demonstrate that just as universal pragmatics serves as the theoretical basis for the analysis of processes of abnormal socialization and the distortion of language, the theory of social evolution serves as a parameter for a critical social theory with the emancipatory intent of evaluating the empirical and contingent unfolding of historical dynamics. (shrink)

O artigo constitui-se de uma apresentação sucinta dos elementos principais do sistema ético de Max Scheler. Utilizando-se do método fenomenológico, Scheler afirma que a ética deve basear-se na experiência, pois o valor não é algo que se atribui, mas que é experimentado. O fenomenólogo alemão defende que o homem está rodeado por um cosmos de valores que não necessita ser produzido, apenas reconhecido através do perceber sentimental, possibilitando, inclusive, uma organização hierárquica dos valores. No entanto, este perceber se encontra afetado (...) pelo ressentimento, o que implica em uma negação dos valores através da inversão valorativa. (shrink)

Despite the importance of Suárez’s defense of the freedom of the will at the threshold of early modern philosophy, his account has received scant recent attention. This paper aims partially to redress that neglect. Suárez’s position can be understood as a balancing act between desiring to attribute libertarian freedom to agents and desiring to maintain the will’s status as a rational appetite. Hence, he rejects an intellectualism that says that choices are necessitated by the intellect’s judgements (since he does not (...) think that the judgements themselves can be directly free), but affirms that only what is judged good can be chosen. (shrink)

Covering nearly 300 years of American religious writing, this anthology compiles selections from thirteen notable thinkers--including Thomas Hooker, Jonathan Edwards, Charles Hodge, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Josiah Royce, William James and H. Richard Niebuhr--to reveal the vital and creative history of Protestant theology in America. In his substantial Introduction, Sydney Ahlstrom relates the history of American theology in broad and accessible terms, tackling his subject with characteristic clarity, passion, and intellectual rectitude.

In Physical Realization, Sydney Shoemaker considers the question of how physicalism can be true: how can all facts about the world, including mental ones, be constituted by facts about the distribution in the world of physical properties? Physicalism requires that the mental properties of a person are 'realized in' the physical properties of that person, and that all instantiations of properties in macroscopic objects are realized in microphysical states of affairs. Shoemaker offers an account of both these sorts of (...) realization, one which allows the realized properties to be causally efficacious. He also explores the implications of this account for a wide range of metaphysical issues, including the nature of persistence through time, the problem of material constitution, the possibility of emergent properties, and the nature of phenomenal consciousness. (shrink)

Thanks to Barbeyrac, Pufendorf and others, there is a long-familiar picture of Grotius as offering a groundbreaking account of natural law. By now there is also a familiar observation that there is no agreement what makes Grotius’s account innovative. Sometimes this leads to skepticism about how innovative Grotius’s account of natural law really is. Some scholars suggest that Grotius’s account of natural law resembles Suárez’s account. But others continue to argue that Barbeyrac is right to see Grotius as breaking the (...) ice of previous philosophy and laying the groundwork for a distinctively modern moral philosophy. I plan to contribute to the debate by arguing that, properly understood, Grotius’s position is similar to Suárez’s on a range of fundamental questions, and, furthermore, that seeing Grotius as making a radical break with the past violates his own self-conception. 1. (shrink)

ResumoVersa-se sobre o agenciamento de criadores de pensamento realizado por Deleuze como elemento fundamental de sua filosofia. Coloca-se em foco o processo de minoração da tragédia Ricardo III, de Shakespeare, realizado por Bene via a composição de uma nova peça. Intenta-se evidenciar o caminho percorrido por Bene à luz da perspectiva deleuziana. Para tanto, apresenta-se a importância de se agenciar pensamentos entre a filosofia e outras áreas do conhecimento; realiza-se uma breve análise do núcleo dramático da tragédia shakespeariana; e estuda-se (...) o Ricardo III de Bene e o ensaio de Deleuze, Um manifesto de menos. Como resultado, salienta-se que o processo de agenciamento se trata de um potente método de criação de conceitos.Palavras-chave: Impersonagens. Linhas de variação. Devir minoritário. AbstractIt deals with the agency of thought creators carried out by Deleuze as a fundamental element of his philosophy. The process of lessening Shakespeare's tragedy Ricardo III, carried out by Bene through the composition of a new play, is brought into focus. The aim is to highlight the path taken by Bene in the light of the Deleuzian perspective. To this end, the importance of agencing thoughts between philosophy and other fields of knowledge is presented; a brief analysis of the dramatic core of the Shakespearean tragedy is carried out; and we study Ricardo III, by Bene, and the essay by Deleuze, Um manifesto de menos. As a result, it is emphasized that the agency process is a powerful method of creating concepts.Keywords: Impersonagens. Variation lines. Becoming a minority. (shrink)